How Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Separates Drugs in Urine
A forensic validation study separated 12 target drugs in spiked urine using two gas chromatography columns and flame ionization detection.
Read articleForensic toxicology & pharmacology
The science behind
the evidence.
Alcohol and drug testing. Laboratory methods. Scientific interpretation. Explore the evidence—and understand the limits of what a result can establish.
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90Evidence guides
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How One Synthetic Cannabinoid Produced Two Effects in a Cell Assay
A frog oocyte model separated receptor activation from potassium channel blockade for WIN55,212-2.
Read articleHow Rifampicin Changed THC and 11-Hydroxy-THC Peaks in a Crossover Study
A controlled drug-interaction study shows how THC and one of its metabolites can shift by different amounts.
Read articleWhat Oxidation Products Reveal About Stored CBD E-Liquid
A storage experiment identified some CBD oxidation products and classified other signals by their mass spectra.
Read articleDetectable CBD and Duration of Effect After a Liposomal Injection
A canine pilot study tracked plasma CBD after a subcutaneous liposomal formulation.
Read articleWhat Retention Times Can Show About Pesticide Separation in Hemp Extracts
A bench study compared the retention of pesticides and cannabinoids to assess preparative chromatography.
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Explore the evidence library.
Analytical Methods
How laboratories separate, identify, confirm, and measure drugs, alcohols, and other compounds.
22 evidence guidesSpecimens & Matrices
How collection, preservation, storage, and biological matrix affect what a result can mean.
15 evidence guidesAlcohol & Volatiles
Principles and limitations of blood, breath, and postmortem alcohol and volatile analysis.
5 evidence guidesDrug Analysis
Screening, confirmation, metabolites, emerging substances, and drug-specific interpretation.
17 evidence guidesQuality & Validation
The controls, performance studies, documentation, and review practices behind reliable testing.
18 evidence guidesPharmacology & Interpretation
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, timing, effects, and evidentiary limits.
10 evidence guidesPostmortem Toxicology
Specimen selection, redistribution, decomposition, and the special limits of death investigation.
3 evidence guides
Attorney. Forensic toxicologist.
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Okorie Okorocha, J.D., M.S., M.S. brings legal training and graduate education in forensic science and forensic toxicology to the interpretation of complex evidence.
This library connects analytical methods, specimen quality, and pharmacology with the questions that matter in a scientific review.
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